Plain of Esdraelon

The Northern Highlands and Mediterranean Coast

The northern and central portions of the country are defined by a variety of high-altitude regions and fertile valleys. According to Britannica, the mountains of Galilee represent the highest part of the country, with Mount Meron reaching an elevation of 3,963 feet (1,208 meters). These mountains terminate in an escarpment that overlooks the Great Rift Valley. Separating these northern mountains from the hills of the Israeli-occupied West Bank is the fertile Plain of Esdraelon. This plain runs from the northwest to the southeast, serving as a vital connection between the coastal plain and the Great Rift Valley. Near the coast, the Mount Carmel range forms a spur that reaches northwest toward the city of Haifa, culminating in a peak 1,791 feet (546 meters) high. Running along the western edge is the Mediterranean coastal plain. This narrow strip of land extends approximately 115 miles (185 km) in length, though it widens to about 25 miles (40 km) as it moves toward the south. This region includes a sandy shoreline and provides the primary corridor for major cities such as Tel Aviv and Haifa.

The Great Rift Valley and the Jordan River

A major geological feature of the region is the Great Rift Valley, a long fissure in the Earth’s crust. This valley runs the length of the country, beginning beyond the northern frontier and extending south toward the Gulf of Aqaba. The Jordan River serves as a central artery within this system, marking part of the frontier between Israel and Jordan. The flow of the Jordan River follows a distinct downward path through the rift:

• It begins at Dan on the northern frontier, at 500 feet (152 meters) above sea level.
• It flows into the Ḥula Valley.
• It enters the freshwater Lake Tiberias, also known as the Sea of Galilee, which sits 686 feet (209 meters) below sea level.
• It continues south through the Jordan Valley along the eastern edge of the West Bank.
• It eventually reaches the highly saline Dead Sea.

The Dead Sea represents a significant geological extreme, sitting at 1,312 feet (400 meters) below sea level. This makes it the lowest point of any natural feature on the Earth’s surface.

The Negev and the Southern Frontier

The southern half of the country is comprised of the Negev, a sparsely populated region characterized by its arid conditions. The Negev is described as a flat, sandy desert that narrows as it moves toward the south. In these southern reaches, the terrain becomes increasingly dry, breaking into sandstone hills, canyons, cliffs, and wadis. South of the Dead Sea, the Jordan River continues through the rift to form the ʿArava Valley, an arid plain. This valley extends to the Red Sea port of Eilat, marking the southern extremity of the country’s desert reaches.

Topographical Impact on National Identity

While news outlets like the Times of Israel focus on the immediate political and security developments within the region, the underlying physical terrain remains a constant factor in the nation’s strategic reality. The sharp contrast between the fertile northern mountains and the arid southern desert creates a variety of microclimates that influence both settlement patterns and agricultural possibilities. The intersection of these diverse zones—from the Mediterranean beaches to the deep depressions of the Jordan Rift—creates a complex environment where geography and climate are inseparable from the country’s physical presence.