Researchers at RIKEN’s Center for Integrative Medical Sciences identified a third ancestral group in the Japanese population in a study published in Science Advances in May 2026. By analyzing the genomes of more than 3,200 individuals, the team linked this ancestry to the ancient Emishi people, challenging the long-accepted dual-origins theory of Japanese history.
For decades, the prevailing scientific consensus on the origins of the Japanese people rested on a dual-ancestry model. This theory posited that modern populations descended from two primary sources: the Jomon, a group of hunter-gatherers who inhabited the archipelago for thousands of years, and later migrants from East Asia who arrived bringing rice farming and new technologies. However, a new genetic analysis conducted by RIKEN’s Center for Integrative Medical Sciences suggests this model is incomplete.
Shift from Dual to Tripartite Ancestry
The RIKEN study provides evidence for a third ancestral group, moving the academic conversation toward a tripartite origins theory. This third group is linked to northeastern Asia and specifically associated with the ancient Emishi people of northeastern Japan. While earlier studies in 2021 had suggested a tripartite structure, the 2026 findings offer more specific evidence by tying the genetic markers to the Emishi.
This discovery reframes the historical migration patterns into the Japanese islands. Rather than a simple merger of two distinct cultures, the genetic makeup of the population appears to be the result of a more complex layering of ancestral groups. The inclusion of the Emishi as a primary ancestral pillar suggests that the inhabitants of the northeast played a more significant role in shaping the modern Japanese genome than previously recognized by historians and geneticists.
Methodological Shift to Whole-Genome Sequencing
The scale and precision of the RIKEN study differ from previous research due to the adoption of whole-genome sequencing. The research team analyzed the genomes of more than 3,200 people selected from seven different regions of Japan, spanning the geographical distance from Hokkaido in the north to Okinawa in the south.
Unlike older DNA analysis methods that looked at specific markers or fragments, whole-genome sequencing allowed the researchers to examine nearly all three billion DNA base pairs in each genome. This high-resolution approach enabled the team to detect subtle genetic signals that were previously overlooked, providing the evidence necessary to support the existence of the third ancestral group.
Genetic Diversity and Regional Subpopulations
The data challenges the common perception of the Japanese population as a genetically uniform group. The analysis revealed a fine-scale subpopulation structure that corresponds closely with geographical locations across the country.
The Japanese population isn’t as genetically homogenous as everyone thinks. Our analysis revealed Japan’s subpopulation structure on a fine scale, which is very beautifully classified according to geographical locations in the country.
Chikashi Terao, lead researcher at RIKEN
By mapping these genetic variations across seven regions, the researchers demonstrated that diversity is distributed geographically. This implies that the integration of the Jomon, the East Asian migrants, and the Emishi did not occur uniformly across the archipelago, leaving distinct genetic signatures in different regions.
Archaic DNA and Modern Health Risks
Beyond the ancestral origins of the population, the RIKEN study uncovered the persistence of archaic DNA from Neanderthals and Denisovans. The researchers found that these inherited genetic sequences are not merely evolutionary relics but are connected to specific health conditions in modern Japanese populations.
The study linked these archaic DNA segments to an increased risk or predisposition to several chronic conditions, including heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. This finding suggests that the genetic legacy of extinct hominids continues to influence the biological vulnerabilities of the current population.
The intersection of ancestral history and medical science opens new avenues for personalized medicine in Japan. By understanding how specific ancestral groups—including the Emishi—and archaic DNA contribute to disease risk, clinicians may be able to better predict and treat conditions based on a patient’s specific genetic heritage.
As the tripartite theory gains momentum, the focus of future research is expected to shift toward identifying more specific markers of the Emishi people and determining how their integration into the broader population occurred over time. The use of whole-genome sequencing has set a new standard for this research, suggesting that further analysis of smaller, regional samples may reveal even more nuanced layers of Japanese genetic history.